स्वामित्वविहिन सङ्घीयता

  ch'{g axfb'/ co8L

bzs nfdf] dfcf]jfbL z;:q 4G4 / @#* alif{o /fhtGqsf] ;dfKtL ug{] hgcfGbf]ng—@ sf]] ;kmntf kZrft hf/L cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# n] cfhsf lbg;Dd kf“r aif{ kf“r dlxgf sf] cjlw kf/ u/]sf] 5 . o; cjlwdf, Psflt/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd b'O{ aif{sfnfuL lgjf{lrt ;+ljwfg;efnfO{ yk b'O{ aif{ l3;|fbfklg  /fi6««sfnfuL ;+ljwfg lbg g;sL d[To'j/0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . csf{lt/ /fhg}lts bnx? ljr Pscsf{ k|lt cljZjf; r'lnbf bnx?lar ;xh ;+jfbsf] l:ytL klg b]lvb}g . x/]sbnx? cGt/4G4 tyf snxdf km;]sf 5g kl/0ftL bnx?sf] ljefhg k|ls|of lg/Gt/ rn]sf] 5 . hgtfdf /fhg}lts bnx?sf] zfv lbgk|ltlbg lub}{ uO/x]sf] 5 . bnx? lg:sif{ ljxLg eO{lbbf /fi6««sf ;d:of emgemg hl6n alg/x]sf 5g . cGt/fli6««o ;d'bfosf] x:tIf]k /fi6««sf x/]s ls|ofsnfkdf lbgk|ltlbg a9\b} uO/x]sf] 5 . /fHo Oltxf;d} ;a}eGbf sdhf]/ / t/n cj:yfdf cfO{k'u]sf] s'/f lbgk|ltlbg cfpg] lj1x?sf laZn]if0f / /fHo -;/sf/_ sf] nfrf/Lkgaf6 k|i6 cg'ej ug{ s;}nfO{ klg d'l:sn 5}g . @)^@÷)^# sf] dxfg hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;dfof]hg / g]t[Tj ub}{ bzs nfdf] lx+;fTds cfGbf]ngsf] cGt tyf @#* aif{ ;Dd h/f uf8]/ a;]sf] /fhtGqsf] pGd"ng ug{ ;Ifd /fhg}lts bnx?sf] g]t[Tj cfh lgD5/f] Pj+ lgl/x l:ytLdf k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . /fi6«sf dxTjk"0f{ d'2fx?df ;xdlt gx'bf ;+ljwfg;efsf] cGt eof] / b]zn] gof“ ;+ljwfg dfkm{t gof“lbzf k|fKt ug{ ;s]g . o; kl/j]zdf ;+ljwfg lgdf0f{sf] k|lsofnfO{ kms]{/ x]bf{ @)^# sf] dw]z cfGbf]ng kZrft cfZrfo{hgs tl/sfaf6 ePklg /fHosf] gLltsf ?kdf ;+ljwfgd} ;dflji6x'g ;kmn ;+l3otfsf] ljifo ;a}]eGbf al9 k]lrnf] / hl6n ag]sf] b]lvof] .  

g]kfndf ;+l3otfsf] dfu nfdf] ;do cl3b]lv obfsbf rrf{df cfpb} ;]nfpb} u/]sf] ePtfklg hgcfGbf]ng @)^# nut}kl5 ePsf] dw]z cfGbf]ngaf6 o;n] /fHosf] gLltsf] ?kdf  cf}krfl/stf k|fKt u/\of] . t/ Tof] k"j{ ;f]rljrf/ ljlxgdfq lyPg ls ha/h:t cfZrfo{hgs  afWotf tTsfnLg /fhg}lts zlStsf ;fd' cfPsf] lyof] . of] /fhg}lts bnx?sf] jf:tljs rfxfgf / Ph]08f lyPg eGg] s'/f laifon] ;+j}wflgstf k|fKt u/]kZrft dfq ;+l3otfnfO{ bnx?n] pRrf/0f ug'{ / g]kfnnfO{ wd{lg/k]If /fHo 3f]if0ff ug{ vaf}{ 8n/sf] rnv]n ePsf] s'/f tTsflng ;dfrf/ dfWofddf 5\ofk5\oflKt cfpg'af6 klg o;af/] ;xh cg'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 . o; afx]s kl/jt{gsf ;+jfxs dflgg] /fhg}lts bnx?sf] ljut / tt\ kZrftsf ls|ofsnfkx?nfO{ lgofNbf klg o; af/] k|i6 x'g ;lsG5 . / eGg ;lsG5 ;+l3otfsf af/]sf] jt{dfg cGof}ntf o;sf af/]df /x]sf] ckgTj / :jfldTjsf] cefj xf] .

g]skfdfcf]jfbL­]— klxn]sf] g]skfdfcf]jfbL / jt{dfgsf] Pg]skfdfcf]jfbL h;n] @)%@ ;fnaf6 z;:q cfGbf]ngsf] dfWodaf6 /fHo;tf sAhf ug]{ rfxfgf /fv]sf] lyof] . To;df c;kmn ePkl5 !@ a'b] ;xdltx'b} zflGtk"0f{ hgcfGbf]ng dfkmt{ g]kfnL /fhgLltsf] d'nwf/df k|j]z ub}{ ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lgjfr{gdf cfkm}n] g;f]rf]sf] ;kmntf k|fKt ub}{ ;+ljwfg;efdf ;a}eGbf 7"nf] bn aGgk'Uof]] . t/ o;sf] ljut / jt{dfgnfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg] ;+l3otf;+u o;sf] ckgTj / nufj slxst} b]lvb}g . o; k5fl8 sf/0f ;}4flGts ?kdf x]g]{ xf] eg] tyfslyt ?kdf p;n] cufn]sf] elgPsf] dfS;{jfbL l;4fGt / lrGtgsf] k|efj /x]sf] dfGg ;lsG5 . ;+l3otf / sDo"lgi6 ljrf/wf/f Pscsf{sf kl/k"/s geO{ lj/f]wL cjwf/0ff x'g . ;+l3otfn] s]lGb|o zf;g;QfeGbf :yfgLo zf;gnfO{ dxTj lbG5 eg] l7s To;sf] ljk/Lt sDo"lgi6 ljrf/wf/fn] :yfgLo zf;g eGbf /fHosf] s]lGb|otfdf a9L hf]8lbG5 . dfcf]jfbL kf6L{sf] Jojxfl/s kIfnfO{ s]nfpg] xf] eg]klg @)%@ ;fndf z;:q ljb|f]x z'?ug'{ k"j{ tt\sflng b]pjf ;/sf/ ;dIf k]zu/]sf] $) a'b] 1fkgkqdf ;+l3otfsf] ; klg pRrf/0f u/]sf] b]lvb}g . z;:q ljb|f]xsf] z'?jft u/] kZrft ljb|f]xsf] cfsf/ / 3gTj j[l4ug{sfnfuL @)%* ;fnsf] cGTo / @)%( ;fnsf] z'?jft ;+u} p;n] hflto df]rf{x?sf] u7g tyf kl/rfngdf hf]8 lbg yfNof] . gjul7t hflto df]rf{x?sf] kl/rfngsf] ;xhtf / ljleGg hftL hghfltx?sf] ;d{yg xfl;n ug{sfnflu p;n] g]kfnsf] e"uf]nnfO{ ljleGg If]qx?df ljefhg ub}{ cg's'ntf cg';f/ hflto gfd+s/0fnfO{ sf8{sf ?kdf k|of]u ub}{ cfof] . t/ ;+l3otfsf] pRrf/0f p;n] cfkm\gf] b:tfa]hx?df slxst} u/]g . @)^@÷)^# sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] ;kmntf kZrft tTsfnLg ;ft bn / g]skfdfcf]jfbL lar ePsf] ljleGg ;Demf}tf / j[xb zflGt ;Demf}tfdf klg ;+l3otfsf af/]df st} pNn]v ul/Pg . dw]z cfGbf]ng kZrft ha ;+l3otf ;+ljwfgd} gLltsf?kdf ;dfa]; ug'{kg]{ afWotf tt\sfnLg zlStx?;fd' cfof] ta g]kfnLdf Ps pvfg 5 ægof“ hf]uLn] w]/} v/fgL 3:5Æ eg]h:t} u/L g]skfdfcf]jfbLn] ;+l3otfsf] gf/fnfO{ Gjf/gb]lvsf] an nufP/ 3Gsfpg yfNof] / tTsfnLg ;+ljwfg ;efsfnfuL gof“ gf/fsf] ?kdf o;nfO{ k|of]u ug]{ /0fgLlt agfof] . h;cg';f/ cGtl/d ;+ljwfgsf] k|fjwfg adf]lhd ul7t ;+ljwfg;efaf6 ;xdltsf] b:tfj]hsf?kdf lgdf{0f ul/g] ;+ljwfgsf dxTjk"0f{ laifoj:t'x? dWo] ;+l3otfsf] d'2fnfO{ p;n] ;+ljwfg;ef lgjf{rgsf] k|lt1fkqdfkm{t o;/L wHhL p8fof] ls ljgf laifb 5nkmn, ljZn]if0f, ;f]rljfrf/, xr'jfsf] e/df k|f]uf08fTds tl/sfn] !! k|b]zsf] vfsf / ;fydf g]kfnsf] jt{dfg cfly{s l:ytLdf cfsng ubf{ cfufdL %) aif{;Dd klg cfkm\gf] x}l;ot cGt{ut gcfpg] sfNklgs of]hgfx?sf] rf“ª nufpb} /+lula/+uL gSzf hgtf ;dIf k'/\of] . o;af6 dfcf]jfbL oyfy{d} ;+l3oTFfNFfO{ cfkm\gf] Ph]G8fsf ?kdf :jLsfg{ tTk/ gb]lvPsf] eGg] k'i6\ofO{ dfq ub}{g lyof] ls ;+l3otfnfO{ ef8\g vf]h]sf] xf] ls eGg] efg x'GYof] . h'g s'/f cGtTjuTjf ;+l3otfs} ;jfndf bnx?lar dQ}Sotf x'g g;Sbf ;+ljwfg;ef rf/ rf/ aif{;Dd 3l;|bf klg lgisif{ ljlxg tl/sfaf6 d[To'j/0f ug{k'u] af6 k|i6 ePsf] 5 . ;+ljwfg;efsf] cGt x'g'df dfcf]jfbLdfq k"0f{bf]ifL c? bnx?rflx b'wn] wf]OPsf eGg] rflx xf]O{g c? bnx? klg ;dfg?kdf bf]ifL /x]sf 5g\ . ltgsf af/]df klg rrf{ tn ul/g]g} 5 . o;sf cnfjf g]skfdfcf]jfbLsf cWoIf k|r08 ;+l3otfsf] d'No dfGotf / dd{ ljkl/t Psflt/ slxn] cv08 lhNnf t slxn] cv08 ufp“sf kIfdf efif0f ub}{ lx8g' ef] eg] csf]{lt/ pxf“ ljleGg ;d'bfonfO{ /f0ff tyf zfxf j+lzo zf;sx?n] h:tf] df}hf af“8b} lx8\g yfNg' eof] . o;af6 s] a'em\g ;lsG5 eg] g]skfdfcf]jfbL h;n] /fHo;Qf sAhf / hgjfbL s]lGb|otfsf] nfuL  z;:q ljb|f]xsf] ;xf/f Pj+ af6f] cjnDag u/]sf] lyof] / To;df ;kmn x'g g;s]kl5 hgcfGbf]ng x'b} lgjf{rgsf] dfWodaf6 d'nwf/sf] /fhgLltdf k|j]z u/\of] . dfcf]jfbL afWofTds ?kdf p;sf] efiffdf a"h'{jf k"“lhjfbL k|hftGqsf] cEof; ug{ t k'Uof] t/ k|hftflGqs d"No / dfGotf tyf /fHo ;+/rgfx?nfO{ cfTd;fy ug{ grfxbf  ;+l3otfnfO{ dfcf]jfbLn] Ph]08f eGbf k|kf]uf08f dfq agfpg rfx\of] oyfy{df cfkm\gf] Ph]08fsf ?kdf :jLsfg{ rfx]g .

g]kfnL sf“u]|;—  g]kfnL sf“u]|; h;n] cfkm"nfO{ k|hftGqsf] d"nwf/ / g]kfnL bnut /fhgLltsf] h]i7 ;b:o 7fGb5 p;n] cfkm"nfO{ @)$^ kZrft hgtf ;fd' k|hftGqsf af/]df v/f] ptfg{ g;Sbf cfd hgtfdf kx"'r lbgk|ltlbg vl:s/x]sf] 5 . h;n]ubf{ g]kfnL sf“u]|; kl5Nnf lbgx?df cfkm\gf] ;kmntf cGo bnx?sf] c;kmntf b]Vgyfn]sf] 5 . kl/0ffd g]kfnL sf“u]|;n] /fi6«sf jt{dfg / eljio;+u hf]l8Psf laifoj:t'sf af/]df s'g} :ki6 wf/0ff agfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . :ki6 wf/0ffsf] cefjdf p;n] gof“ laifo a:t'x?nfO{ cfTd;fy ug{;Sg] s'/} ePg . ;+l3otfsf] af/]df s'/f ubf{ sf“u]|;hgx? Uff}/jsf ;fy eGg] ub{5g of] t g]knL sf“u]|;n] @))& ;fnd} cfkm\gf] Ph]08fsf] ?kdf  :jLsf/ u/]sf] / dfu u/]sf] laifo xf] . ofxf“ eGg dgnfU5 @))& ;fnd} cfkm\gf] Ph]08fsf] ?kdf  :jLsf/ u/]sf] laifo cfwf ztfAbL kl5 k'g p7]sf] 5 v} s] 5 o;sfaf/]sf] :ki6 b[li6sf]0f < @)^# ;fn b]lv xfn;Dd ;+l3otfsf] laifonfO{ afWofTds?kdf gLltut :jLs[lt lbg] afx]s g]kfnL sf“u]|;n] o;nfO{ gt g]skfdfcf]jfbL h:tf] r'gfjL k|kf]uf08fsf ?kdf dfq ePklg k|of]u ug{ ;Sof] gt o;nfO{ ablnbf] kl/a]z cg';f/ ljsl;t ePsf] gof“ Ph]08f 7fGb} cfTd;fy ug{ g} ;s]sf] b]lvof] .

g]skf Pdfn]— emfkf cfGbf]ng x'b} hgtfsf] ax'bnLo hgjfb ;Dd cfOk'u]sf] g]skf Pdfn]n] cfkmgf] ;}4flGts dfGotfdf dfq} xf]O{g bnsf] klxrfgg} kl/jt{g u/]/ u}/ ;/sf/L ;+:yf dxf;+3 kf] ag]sf] xf] sL eGg] efg e} /x]sf] 5 . o; kf6L{;+u g s'g} Ph]08f Pj+ laifoa:t'sf] lglZrttf 5 gt s'g} gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] g} lglZrtf . g]kfnL /fhgLltsf  x/]s Ph]08f o; kf6L{sf x'g] / x/]s Ph]08f ;DaGwdf JolSt tyf ;d'x jf u'6lkR5]sf gLlt, /0fgLlt tyf sfo{qmdsf] th'{df ul/g' o; kf6L{sf] ljz]iftf g} dfg' k5{ . ;+l3otfsf] laifodf klg of] kf6L{n] z'?jft b]lvg} 9'nd'n] k|j[lt b]vfof] h;n] ubf{ slxn] Psnhflto ;+l3otfsf kIfdf bjfj lbg hghftL ;ef;bx?sf] ss; lgdf{0fdf nfUof] t slxn] Psnhflto ;+l3otfs]f ljkIf / ax'klxrfg ;lxtsf] ;+l3otfsf] kIfdf bjfj lbg ss;sf ;b:ox?dfly cg'zf;gsf] sfjf{xL ug]{ qf; b]vfpg yfNof] . o; kf6L{sf sltko g]tfx? ;+l3otfsf] ljkIfdf cleJolStx? lbb} lx8\bf klg kf6L{n] s]lx ug{ ;s]g . ljutsf rf/ kf“r aif{df of] kf6L{ slxNo} klg ;+l3otfsf af/]df :ki6 x'g / cl8u /xg ;s]g . of] ;a} ;+l3otfk|lt o;kf6L{sf]] ckgTj ;[hgf x'g g;Sg' sf] kl/0flt dfGg ;lsG5 .

dw]z s]lGb|t /fhg}lts bnx?— @)^# sf] dw]z cfGbf]ng dfkmt{ g]kfndf ;+l3otfnfO{ gLltut?kdf :yflkt u/fpg ;kmn ePsf] 7fGg] dw]z s]lGb|t /fhg}lts bnx? hf] cfkm'nfO{ ;+l3otfsf dl;xf ;lDemG5g . ltg} /fhg}lts bnx?n] ;+l3otfsf] dd{, d"No / dfGotf ljkl/t g]kfnL ;+l3otfsf] df]8]n lgwf{/s cfkm' x'g'kg]{ / cfkm\gf] egfO{ cg';f/s} ;+l3o 9frf“ lgwf{/0f x'g'kg]{ cGoyf ;+l3otf :jLsfo{ gx'g] c8fg /fVb} cfP . h; cg';f/ Psflt/ t/fO{sf] k'/} e"efu Psk|b]z x'g'kg]{ / kxf8L tyf lxdfnL e"efudfq ljeflht x'g'kg]{ c8fg /fVg] sfd u/] h'g c8fgs} sf/0f g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg;efn] ljgfs'g} pknlAw d[To'j/0f u/\of] / ;+l3otfsf] d'2f emg cGof}nu|:t aGgk'Uof] . csf]{lt/ lt bnx?n] ;+l3otfnfO{ ;/sf/df r9\g] ;f}bfafhLsf] laifo agfpg] sfd u/] . dw]z s]lGb|t /fhg}lts bnx?sf] pk/f]St Jojxf/af6 ;+l3otf plgx?sf] Ph]08f gePsf] / o; k|lt cfkm\gf] ckgTj / :jfldTj g/x]sf] dfq k|i6 ePg ls lt bnx?n] ;+l3otfnfO{ ;Qfsf nfuL e/\ofª dfq agfPsf] s'/f slxst} n'Sg ;s]g .

g]kfnsf /fhg}lts bnx? dfq xf]Og, g]kfnL lj1x? / cfd g]kfnL hgtfx? klg ;+l3otfnfO{ :jfy{ cg';f/ ckgfpg] / 5f]8g] k|j[lt b]lvof] . h;cg';f/ s;}nfO{ cu|flwsf/ ;lxt Psn hflto klxrfg ;lxtsf] t s;}nfO{ ax'klxrfgsf] Toltn] dfq gk'u]/ s;}nfO{ cv08 ufp“, cv08 gu/, cv08 lhNnf, cv08 ljsf;If]]q ;lxtsf] ;+l3otf rflxof] . olb ckm'n] eg]h:tf] geP ;+l3otf s;}nfO{ gePklg x'g] b]lvof] h'g s'/f ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g cl3sf] tgfjk"0f{ l:ytL ;+ljwfg ;efsf] lj36g ;+u} zflGtdf ?kfGt/0f ePaf6 klg k'li6 x'b}g t . 

;f/df eGg'kbf{, klxnf], ;+l3otfsf] ljkIfdf k|i6 pleg] lrqaxfb'/ s];L sf] kf6L{ / ;d'x afx]s g]kfndf ;+l3otf ;a}nfO{ rflxPsf] 5, t/ cfkm\gf] cg's'nsf] olb cfkm\gf] cg's'n geP ;+l3otf s;}nfO{ rflxPsf] 5}g . bf];|f], g]kfndf clwsf+zn] ;+l3otfsf] pRrf/0f u/]sf 5g t/ o;af/]df ulDe/ eP/ ;f]Rg] ;do s;}nfO{ 5}g . t];|f], ;+l3otfsf] gf/f ;a}n] nufPsf 5g t/ o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] Ph]08f agfO{ ckgTj / :jfldTjsf] ;[hgf slx st}af6 x'g ;s]sf] b]lvb}g . kl/0ffd tx ;+l3otf g]kfnsf nfuL efn'sf] s~r6 ePsf] 5 o; l:ytL af6 d'St x'g of t cfd g]kfnL ;d'bfon] ;+l3otfsf] gf/f nufpg 5f]8\g'k/\of], xf]Og eg] gf/f nufP/ dfq x'b}g o;nfO{ cfkm\gf] k|d'v Ph]08fsf] ?kdf ckgTj / :jfldTjsf] ;[hgf ug{;Sg' k/\of] .

 @)^( >fj0f # ut] /fhwfgL b}lgsdf k|sflzt